Te Reo Pāpāho

Te Reo Pāpāho, he kōrero mō Te Reo Māori e rere ana i ngā aratuku.

Ko Te Reo Pāpāho te tuatoru o whakaaturanga mō Ngā Taonga Kōrero.

1927 - 1945

Tīmata ai ngā pāhotanga irirangi o Aotearoa i te tau 1921 engari nō te 1927 rā anō pāhō tonu ai te reo Māori. I puta i taua tau ngā waiata a Ngā Māori Variety Entertainers o Pitoone me te Kāreti Māori o Ōtaki.

No te rā o Waitangi i te tau 1928 i pāho ai tētahi whakaari Māori ki ngā teihana e whā o te motu, puta noa ki tāwāhi mā te irirangi shortwave. Kātahi anō ka pērā te whānui o te pāho o tētehi hōtaka i taua wā rā.

Ka tika i a J.F.Montague (kaipāpāho Pākehā) te whakahua kupu Māori i taua tau anō hoki. I muri mai i riro i a Hare Hongi o Ngāpuhi, arā, a Henry Stowell, te hōtaka a Montague. Taetae ai te tira waiata a Māori Native College, ka pāhotia ō rātou reo ki te motu.

E aroha ana nō te mea kāore ērā pāhotanga i kapohia. Kāore anō kia hoko he mihini hopu pērā, nō ngā tau 1930 kē ka hokona e ngā kaipāpāho o Aotearoa. Ko ngā waiata rongonui me ngā rekoata anake kei te mau tonuhia.

Ka tohua ētahi kaipāpāho Māori ki ngā teihana e whā e Tākuta Hēmi Shelley, te Kaitohu Pāpāho. Ko te pāhi, ko Colin Scrimgeour o Ngā Reo Irirangi Tauhoko, ko ngā kaipāho, ko Lu Paul o Ngāti Whātua (1ZB i Tāmaki Makaurau), ko Kīngi Tahiwi o Ngāti Raukawa (i 2ZB i Te Whanganui-a-Tara), ko Te Ari Pitama o Ngāi Tahu (i in 3ZB o Ōtautahi) ko Airini Grennell o Ngāti Mutunga, Ngāti Tama me Ngāi Tahu (i 4ZB i Ōtepoti). He mokopuna ia nā Hone Taare Tīkao. I hinga a Kīngi rāua ko Lu i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ka pōuri katoa ngā kaiwhakarongo i tā rāua hingatanga. Na, ka whakatūngia a Oriwa Tahupōtiki Haddon o Ngāti Ruanui e Shelley, nāna ake tana hōtaka reo Pākehā, a “Oriwa’s Māori Session’ i ngā tau i mua i te Pakanga Tuarua.

He āhuareka kē ēnei tūranga. Ahakoa he reo Māori ngā tokowhā nei kāore i kaha te whakamāori i ō rātou reo kōrero kei hōhā ngā kaiwhakarongo Pākehā, reo Pākehā hoki.

I puta te whakaaro o Hēnare Te Ua i tana pakipūmeka i te tau 2000, arā ko Te Reo o Te Tangata Whenua, he tū tekoteko noa iho te tū a te reo Māori.

Heoi anō nō te paunga o ngā tau 1930 i tīmata haere ai te pāho o ngā kaupapa Māori, pēnei i te whakatuwheratanga o te whare o Tūrongo i te marae o Tūrangawaewae, me te whakaoatitanga i a Te Kirihaehae Te Puea Hērangi i te tau 1938. Nā Tā Apirana Ngata ngā kupu akiaki kia mau ai ngā reo whaikōrero, ngā haka me ngā whaikōrero hei pupuri i ngā taonga a te ao Māori.

I kaha te puta o te reo ki ngā pāhotanga Pākehā hei maumahara i te rautau o te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1840. I puta te reo Pākehā ki ēnei pāhotanga kia mārama ai te hunga whakarongo reo Pākehā. Nā Charles Bennett mā ngā kōrero i whakapākehā kia kōrerotia ngā mahi i runga marae.

Pāho ai ngā hōtaka reo Māori anake i te tau 1940. He kaupapa karere ā-wiki i puta i runga i ngā akiaki a ngā kaumātua ki te Whare Pāremata, e rongo ai ngā Māori kāore e mōhio ki te reo Pākehā i ngā nekenekehanga a te pakanga. Nā Wiremu Parker o Ngāti Porou te pāhotanga 15 mineti nei i ngā pō Rātapu i ngā tau o te pakanga tuarua. Ka kōrerotia ngā take pakanga, ngā mate o reira me ngā kaupapa o te kāinga. Whakarongo mai ai te iwi ki ēnei pāhotanga. Nā Ted Nepia o Ngāti Kahungunu te tūranga tūturu tuatahi i muri i te pakanga, engari i tīmata ana pāhotanga mō te pakanga i a ia i Te Rua Tekau mā Waru i Itari.

He matatau ngā reo e rua o Wiremu Parker, he tino kaipāpāho ia mō ngā tau e whā tekau. Kāore rawa a Parker i pai ki te whakahua kupu Pākehā, ka whakamāoritia tonutia. Nā te pōhara o ngā reo iriangi, kāore i mau ana pāhotanga i te wā o te pakanga, engari i whakamahia ngā rekoata hei mau i ngā kōrero a ngā hōia i te marae a Tū, pēnei i tēnei o Ted Nepia i runga ake nei nā.

1946 – 1980s

I ēnei wā ka noho te nuinga o ngā Māori i wā rātou papakāinga. Heoi i ora tonu te aka kūmara.

Ahakoa te āta tupu o te reo Māori ki ngā ara pāpāho i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua, kotahi tonu te pāhotanga ki te reo Māori anake i ia wiki. I pēnei mō ngā tekau tau e hia.

He kaupapa Māori anō hoki i puta, engari i kōrerotia ki te reo Pākehā. Heoi ano, nā ngā mahi a ngā kaipāpāho o mua, ka puta anō ētahi hōtaka Māori, i roa ake hoki.

Ko Ngā Pao me ngā Pakiwaitara a te Māori tētahi o aua hōtaka, i tango mai i ngā pāhotanga me ngā kaupapa o mua, o ngā tau 1940. I kōrerotia ēnei hōtaka ki te reo e Ulric Williams, Clive Drummond me Airini Grennell (Ngāti Mutunga, Ngāti Tama, Ngāi Tahu). Puta ai ēnei hōtaka mai i te 1949 ki te 1958, i puta ki tāwāhi rā anō.

Nā te hōia o mua, nā Ted Nēpia (Ngāti Kahungunu) ngā mahi whakaputa i a Te Reo o te Māori ki ngā kaiwhakarongo i Te Matau-a-Maui i te paunga o ngā tau 1950. I puta ki te motu katoa i te whakatūtanga a te Wāhanga Māori o Te Kaporeihana Pāho o Aotearoa ki raro i a Leo Fowler. Nā Fowler te reo irirangi o 2XG i whakahaere i Tūranganui-a-Kiwa, nā ngā kaumātua ia i tono kia piki ake te pāho haere o te reo. Nāna hoki i neke ai a Wiremu Kerekere ki Te Whanganui-a-Tara hei ārahi i taua wāhanga hōtaka Māori i te tau 1964.

I whaimana a Fowler i waenga i ngā rangatira o Te Tai Rāwhiti, i a Hetekia Te Kani me Rongowhakaata Halbert mā. Nāna ka mahi mai a Wiremu Kerekere (Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki), he pūkenga wetereo, kaituhi waiata, he kaiārahi hoki i te Rōpū Haka o Waihīrere. Ka riro i a Kerekere ngā mahi pāho, ārahi tikanga hoki mā Fowler. Haere ai rāua ki ngā hui, ngā tangihanga me ngā kaupapa nui o te wā. Ka riro i a Kerekere te mahi ārahi i ngā hōtaka Māori i te matenga o Fowler i te tau 1976.

I tua atu i ngā hōtaka a Ted Nepia, he mahi pakeke tonu te pāho i te reo Māori i ngā 1960, i rongo kē i runga Marae me ngā mahi ōkawa. Kāore anō hoki te whakaoranga haeretanga o te reo. I rongonui kē ko ngā rōpū pēnei i te Tokowhā a Howard Morrison, Ngā Tokorima Māori me Ngā Tiki Tokorima.

I puta anō ētahi kaipāho Māori i ngā tau 1970, arā, a Herewini Murupaenga arā a Selwyn Muru (Ngāti Kurī), Haare Williams (Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Ngāi Tūhoe), Whai Ngata (Ngāti Porou) me Hāmuera Mitchell (Te Arawa). Nā rātou ngā pāhotanga mō Te Kaporeihana Pāpāho o Aotearoa (i huri hei Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa i te tau 1976).

I puta ngā poroporoākī ki te reo, engari iti iho i te 90 mineti i puta ki te reo Māori i ia wiki i ngā tau 1970 i ngā pāhotanga o te kaipāho o te motu.

Ka riro i a Selwyn Muru te tūranga o Ted Nēpia hei ārahi i te hōtaka Māori matua o te tau 1975, arā ko Te Reo o te Pīpīwharauroa i purei i ngā tau 1990 rā anō. Nō te tau 1971 ka tīmata hoki i a Muru a Te Puna Wai Kōrero, he hōtaka reo Pākehā e pā ana ki ngā kaupapa Māori i Tāmaki Makaurau me te Tai Tokerau. Ka riro mā Ngata tēnei hei whakahaere i te tau 1978. Ka mau i a Ngata ngā kaupapa e hia pēnei i a Takaparawhau, ngā hitōria o te Hokowhitu-a-Tū me ngā kēnge hou o aua wā.

Ka whakatūngia e Haare Williams Te Reo o Aotearoa i te tau 1978, arā te wāhanga Māori o Irirangi Aotearoa, ko Haare hoki te kaiwhakahere matua. He reo Māori, reo Moananui-a-Kiwa hoki ngā reo. Ko tana tino hōtaka, ko He Rerenga Kōrero, i puta reo Pākehā mai, ā, ka kuhu haere te reo Māori. Ā muri ka riro i te kaipāpāho, i a Hēnare Te Ua, nāna ko He Rerenga Kōrero me Whenua!, nā rāua ko Libby Hakaraia, tae noa ki tana ritaeatanga i te tau 2000.

Ka tokomaha haere te hunga pāho Māori i ngā tau 1970, 1980 hoki. Ko ētahi, ko Derek Tini Fox (Ngāti Porou), ko Pūrewa Biddle (Ngāi Tūhoe), ko Te Pere Curtis (Te Arawa), ko Bina Peita (Ngāpuhi), ko Te Āniwaniwa Bosch (Ngāpuhi), ko Piripi Walker (Ngāti Raukawa). Koianei ngā wā i āhua kaha ake te rongo i te reo Māori i runga reo irirangi, pouaka whakaata hoki.

Nō te oranga haeretanga o te ahurea Māori i ngā tau 1970 ka tū ai ngā reo irirangi ā-iwi i ngā tau 1980, ka kaha rawa te putaputa mai o ngā hōtaka reo Māori, mō te Māori.

Listen to the broadcasters who championed te reo Māori on the radio in Aotearoa.

This exhibition is generously supported by Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori.